Two things have to happen.
We need for all these stupid sexist beliefs to die. For dis to bring up my personal pet-hate about how women's periods incapacitate their functioning is a sad example.(Interestingly, having a period has never been grounds for stopping women from working in their homes and schools and for their families and for charities. Not exactly the places you'd really want someone you believe might do a Lizzie Borden at any minute.)The one about the differences in perceptions b/w men and women=inferiority/superiority has got to go too. Let's not set up impossible expectations and self-fulfilling prophecies. I won't bother listing anymore, because I'm sure we all know lots.
Then we have to change the whole way our political system works. At the moment only a small section of the community enters politics, because the adversarial nature of the game is just not that attractive to people. You have to be quite tough and argumentative and fall into a neat pigeon-hole to be in politics. Then to operate successfully you have to be prepared to lie, manipulate and backstab. Why anyone is in politics is a mystery to me. And there are just not enough women who have been taught it is OK to be Maggie Thatcher - or who want to be her - for there to be another one.
As for the lessons we learned at our mother's knee, it all depends on how happy your mother was with what she got. In America, the "American Dream" was sold very successfully and a lot of women bought it, mainly because they were punished if they didn't, but praised if they did. In other countries where women had a shit time whether thay were obedient or not, you get a different response. My mother -who is a very conservative person - was not allowed to go to school beyond primary level. She always felt this was an injustice. She insisted all of us- son and daughters- finish secondary school and supported us all through our tertiary educations. If you had suggested she was a feminist she would have been affronted.
The glass ceiling isn't just about pay - it's about promotion and position. The problem can often be that those doing the promoting often operate under the assumptions that dis seems to have so tragically absorbed. "Oh, she won't be focussed on her work because she has children/her period/pre-occupations with her hair." Again, we need to change the way we expect people to operate - that only people who can give uninterrupted service 16 hours a day deserve the top positions. How many times have you heard a woman criticised for being "aggressive"? And yet if she isn't aggressive -e.g. in politics, she will be dismissed as ineffectual. Glass ceiling. You can't win.